In summary, torsion can be made in anticipation of an upcoming visual event only when low-level motion signals are accumulated by repetition. However, anticipatory torsion was only elicited by stimulus repetition, but not by symbolic cues. Across all experiments, results reveal reliable anticipatory horizontal smooth pursuit. In three experiments, we elicited expectation of stimulus rotation by repeatedly showing the same rotation (Experiment 1), or by using different types of higher-level symbolic cues indicating the rotation of the upcoming target (Experiments 2 and 3). This kind of stimulus triggers smooth pursuit with a horizontal and torsional component. We recorded three-dimensional eye position in head-fixed healthy human adults who tracked a rotating dot pattern moving horizontally across a computer screen. Here we investigate whether such anticipatory responses extend to ocular torsion, the eyes’ rotation about the line of sight. Such anticipatory eye movements can be driven by the expectation of a future visual object or event. Humans and other animals move their eyes in anticipation to compensate for sensorimotor delays.
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